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Testosterone is a hormone that plays a crucial role in men’s overall health and well-being. It is responsible for regulating muscle mass, bone density, sex drive, sperm production, and other important functions. However, as men age, their testosterone levels naturally decline. This results in a decrease in energy levels, libido, and overall vitality.

For some men, low testosterone levels can also result in a condition known as hypogonadism, which can have more serious effects on their health. Many men turn to synthetic testosterone replacement therapies, such as injections and gels, to boost their T levels. However, these treatments often come with unwanted side effects and potential health risks.

Fortunately, there are natural ways to increase testosterone levels, and one of the most effective methods is through supplementation. In this guide, we will discuss the best natural testosterone-boosting supplements available on the market today.

Best Natural Testosterone Boosters to Increase Test Production

1. Testo Prime – Best natural testosterone booster overall
2. Testo Max
3. Testol-140
4. Testogen
5. Testonine
6. Prime Male
7. Testofuel
8. The Best Testosterone Booster Supplements Reviewed

Testosterone supplements are very popular and most supplement manufacturers are keen to exploit the high level of demand. Unfortunately, this has caused the market to become flooded with sub-standard options that offer little or no benefits and may also cause unpleasant side effects. You may have already learned this the hard way if you have invested money in products such as these in the past.

However, there are several very effective options available as well. After thoroughly researching all the most high-profile options, we discovered seven supplements that are safe, effective, and offer excellent value for money.

In this section, we will take a look at all the top options one by one and explain what sets them apart from all those supplements that turn out to be nothing more than a waste of money.

#1. Testo Prime – Editor’s Pick

CLICK to view Testo Prime price and availability – special offers

Possibly the most potent testosterone booster ever created, Testo Prime is an excellent option for men from all walks of life. Regardless of whether you are a bodybuilder seeking faster muscle and strength gains, trying to improve your libido and sex life, or simply looking for a way to stop feeling so tired and improve your overall quality of life, Testo Prime can help you to get where you need to be.

What’s In It

The Testo Prime formula consists of a carefully selected combination of vitamins, minerals, and botanical ingredients that naturally raise testosterone levels. There are 12 of them in total and the formula is not held back by low inclusion rates or the addition of unnecessary binders and fillers.

Ingredient highlights include D-Aspartic Acid, Fenugreek, Panax Ginseng, and Ashwagandha extract.

D-Aspartic Acid is an amino acid that stimulates the gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland, encouraging them to secrete luteinizing hormone. The blood then carries this vital hormone to the testes, where it triggers improvements in testosterone production. [1]

Fenugreek is a popular cooking spice and a valuable medicinal herb. It aids blood sugar regulation and may support healthy body weight by preventing blood sugar crashes that may result in carb cravings and overeating.

Although Fenugreek has a lot of value in additional areas, it’s included in Testo Prime due to its ability to deliver significant improvements in serum testosterone levels. [2]

Also known by several other names including Korean Ginseng and Red Ginseng, Panax Ginseng is a highly respected adaptogen herb. In common with other adaptogens, it’s very good for reducing anxiety and stress.

Panax Ginseng is also associated with numerous physical and mental benefits. Chinese herbalists believe that, in addition to improving quality of life, ginseng can also prolong it.

However, Panax ginseng is present in Testo Prime due to its ability to improve quality of life, not prolong it. Research shows the “ginsenosides” the herb provides are good for stimulating natural testosterone production. [3]

Many men who use supplements to increase their testosterone do so due to a desire to improve their lean muscle mass. In addition to boosting testosterone, Panax Ginseng can further improve protein synthesis by stimulating the fibroblast cells present in muscle tissue. [4]

Boasting abilities similar to those of Panax Ginseng, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is another popular adaptogen herb that can boost testosterone production.

Research shows supplements that provide Ashwagandha can increase testosterone by as much as 22% in as little as three months and greatly enhance sperm count and fertility. [5]

Additional research shows this versatile Indian herb can also be very effective for improving body composition by enhancing muscle growth while stimulating corresponding reductions in fat mass. [6]

Who Is Testo Prime For

Although anyone can use Testo Prime, it’s a particularly good option for men who are in their late 30s or older and find they are losing some of their athletic edge.

Men who have developed symptoms that suggest they may be experiencing low testosterone will also find the benefits this excellent supplement provides hard to ignore.

Bearing in mind the fact that suitable candidates can include men in their late 30s and older, Testo Prime is an excellent option for anyone who wants to turn back the clock and feel more like they did when they were younger.

Pros

• Provides some of the best natural testosterone boosters
• One of the most versatile testosterone supplements on the market
• Manufactured in FDA-approved facilities in the USA and UK
• No side effects
• When you order 2 or more bottles you can get an extra bottle for free
• Rapid free shipping
• 100% LIFETIME MONEY-BACK GUARANTEE

Cons

• Only available from the official website

How Effective Is Testo Prime?

Customer reviews show this supplement works extremely well. Men with experience using Testo Prime are very praising of its ability to reduce stress, provide extra energy, enhance muscle recovery and growth, and improve mental focus. In a nutshell, it does what it says on the tin.

Cost and Where to Buy Testo Prime

You can only buy Testo Prime from the official website. Each bottle provides a 30-day treatment for $64.99. The price includes rapid free shipping and you get the protection of a lifetime money-back guarantee.

Although the cost per bottle is very reasonable, it can get even better. When you order two bottles of TestoPrime, you get a third bottle free. When you pay for three bottles, you will receive five. If you want to make the maximum savings, that’s the package to choose.

#2. Testo Max

CLICK to order Testo Max from official website

Testo Max is a high-potency testosterone supplement designed to help men turn back the clock, enjoy higher testosterone levels, and feel more vital and alive. It’s another option that’s popular with men from many different backgrounds.

Typical users include amateur bodybuilders and guys with less ambitious body goals who are seeking a supplement that can help them to be more productive and get more done during the day.

What’s In Testo Max

The Testo Max formula is very similar to the formula used in Testo Prime. Common ingredients include D-Aspartic Acid, Fenugreek, and Ashwagandha. Working through direct and indirect mechanisms, these three potent hormone releasers can deliver significant improvements in free testosterone levels. [1, 2, 5]

Testo Max also provides magnesium and zinc. Both minerals play key roles in testosterone synthesis and appear to have a synergistic relationship that allows them to offer additional value when they are combined. [7]

Who Is Testo Max For

Testo Max tends to appeal to many of the same types of men who use Testo Prime. It’s a great alternative if Testo Prime becomes temporarily unavailable due to excessively high levels of customer demand. However, in this case, the money-back guarantee is a little shorter. It’s only good for 60 days. That still gives users plenty of time to evaluate it though, and see what it can do. The majority of Testosterone supplements have no guarantee at all.

Pros

• Provides several potent natural testosterone boosters
• Suitable for men from all walks of life
• Produced in FDA-approved facilities in the USA and UK
• No known side effects
• When you order 2 or more bottles you get extra bottles free of charge
• Additional savings may be possible due to 24-hour flash sales
• Rapid free shipping
• 60-Day Money-Back Guarantee

Cons

• Exclusive to the official website

How Effective Is Testo Max

Customer reviews show this supplement works well and delivers notable improvements in overall body composition. One Testo Max user in his early 40s was able to replace his beer belly with a 6-pack in only 2 months.

Cost and Where to Buy Testo Max

If you want to increase your testosterone by supplementing with Testo Max, the official website is the only place to go. The manufacturer handles everything in-house.

Using this option will cost you the same as if you were to choose Testo Prime. Not only is the price per bottle the same, the special deals are as well. You can get three bottles for the price of two or push the boat out a bit further and get five for the price of three – all with free shipping and a money-back guarantee.

#3. Testol-140

CLICK to view price and availability on Testol-140 from official website

Somewhat of a more specialized option, Testol-140 is a dietary supplement developed for bodybuilders who have been using Testolone to boost their muscle growth and are now seeking a safer alternative.

Also known as RAD 140, Testolone is one of the most powerful bodybuilding SARMS and is generally considered to be slightly less dangerous than anabolic steroids. However, Testolone still has the potential to cause harm. Its use has been linked to liver damage and heart attacks. Testol-140 does not present any such risks.

What’s In Testol 140

Like Testo Max, Testol 140 provides Ashwagandha, magnesium, and zinc. When it comes to elevating testosterone levels, the credentials of all three ingredients are first-rate. [5, 7]

The formula also provides Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) and Pomegranate Extract. Both are useful inclusions that can help Testol-140 hit its required goals. However, neither one is likely to directly influence testosterone levels.

CLA is a fatty acid that’s present in grass-fed beef and several other foods. Like all the best bodybuilding supplements that have CLA in them, Testol-140 uses a form refined from safflower oil.

CLA supplements are often popular with bodybuilders who are “cutting” and trying to lose their excess fat. It has the advantage of supporting improvements in fat loss while also delivering modest improvements in muscle mass. [8]

Pomegranate juice is a good source of many nutrients and, in particular, Vitamin C. It’s also high in antioxidants that can help reduce the free radical toxins that are produced during exercise.

Pomegranate further supports more productive training sessions by increasing vasodilation. This is a natural process that relaxes the blood vessels, helping the muscles get a better supply of blood.

Research shows that as well as enhancing exercise performance, pomegranate compounds can also speed up post-exercise recovery rates. [9]

Who Is Testol 140 For

Testol-140 is a great choice for bodybuilders who want to stop using performance-enhancing drugs or avoid using them in the first place. It’s an equally good supplement for any athlete (amateur or professional) who wants to improve their training capacity and performance while also growing their muscles and improving their overall body composition.

Pros

• Provides clinically-proven ingredients
• Supports greater muscle growth
• Can improve exercise performance and recovery rates
• Helps burn excess fat and improves overall body composition
• Does not have any known side effects
• Possible to get 3 bottles for the price of 2 or 5 bottles for the price of 3
• The manufacturer provides a 60-day money-back guarantee

Cons

• Best suited to men who have very serious body ambitions
• You can only buy it from the manufacturer’s website

How Effective Is Testol 140

Bodybuilders who have experience using Testol-140 report dramatic improvements in energy and focus that allow them to enjoy more productive workouts. There are also many reports of rapid fat losses and improvements in muscle definition.

Cost and Where to Buy Testol 140

Testol-140 is another supplement that’s only available directly from the manufacturer’s website.

At $69.99 per bottle, it’s a little more expensive than the previous two options but it’s possible to save money by ordering more than one bottle and is another top-ranking supplement with a 2-month money-back guarantee.

#4. Testogen

CLICK to view price and availability on Testogen from official website

Testogen has more in common with Testo Prime and Testo Max than it does with Testol-140 because it’s a good all-arounder that is suitable for all men, the benefits are not tailored towards only those who wish to excel at bodybuilding or sports.

An extremely popular option with men over 40, Testogen has a reputation for enhancing flagging libidos and helping middle-aged men add extra spring to their steps.

What’s In Testogen

In common with most of the best testosterone booster pills, Testogen provides D-Aspartic Acid. It also provides Magnesium and Zinc, along with some Korean Ginseng and Nettle Leaf Extract.

You may recall from our Testo Prime review, the results from clinical trials show ginseng can encourage significant improvements in circulating testosterone. [3

Nettle Leaf does not promote testosterone production but it does help keep the hormone free to do its job by preventing it from becoming bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG).

Free testosterone is not the same as circulating testosterone. Even though your circulating level of testosterone may be high, it will offer little benefit if SHBG prevents it from being able to bind with important androgen receptors such as the ones in your muscles and bones.

It’s very important to maintain high levels of free testosterone and research shows Nettle Leaf compounds can help you to do it. [10]

Who Is Testogen For

Testogen is a great testosterone booster supplement for any man who needs help improving his energy levels and sex drive. However, if you are over 40 and concerned about your libido or find you are experiencing a poorer quality of life Testogen may have more to offer you than most of the other supplements on the market.

Pros

• Helps increase testosterone levels naturally
• Maintains free testosterone levels
• Promotes vitality
• No side effects
• Free shipping on all orders
• Money-saving deals and discounts are available
• Option to combine with testosterone-boosting drops
• 100-day money-back guarantee

Cons

• You can only order it from the official site

How Effective Is Testogen

Testogen is a very effective product that has plenty of favorable customer reviews. Many men say Testogen has helped them to feel younger; others praise it for its ability to support weight loss and/or improvements in muscle mass. Comments about higher energy levels come up again and again. The supplement appears to excel in this area.

Cost and Where to Buy Testogen

You can buy Testogen from the official website. At only $59 for a one-month supply, it’s slightly cheaper than the previous three options and cheaper still if you decide to get three bottles for the price of two or five for the price of three.

It’s also possible to buy Testogen as a testosterone-boosting combo that combines the pills with Testogen drops, which further support optimum testosterone levels. Choosing this option increases the cost but, at just under $90 for a 30-day treatment, you don’t need to worry about breaking the bank.

#5. Testonine

CLICK to view price and availability on Testonine from official website

Testonine is a testosterone supplement for men who want to improve their strength, stamina, and physical physique. It’s geared more towards bodybuilders and other men who love to lift, but many men with less active lifestyles often use Testonine too.

What’s In Testonine

Testonine combines a small dose of ginseng with several other natural testosterone boosters including Maca and Tongkat Ali.

Often used as an aphrodisiac, Maca has been shown to be very useful for providing a natural testosterone boost and supporting improvements in sexual wellness.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is not one of the more popular testosterone-boosting ingredients but research shows it can work well for many men. The results of one study show daily usage increased testosterone in 90% of cases. [11]

Who Is Testonine For

Testonine is a top choice for any man who wants to boost his testosterone levels and improve other facets of his health. It could be especially ideal for men who lead active lifestyles, whether they are into bodybuilding or not.

Pros

• Boosts production of testosterone
• Enhances muscle power and strength
• Improves libido and sexual function
• No reported side effects
• Possible to get 1-2 free bottles by placing larger orders
• Has a 100-day money-back guarantee

Cons

• Some of the ingredients are hindered by low doses
• You can only buy it from the official website

How Effective Is Testonine

Customer reviews are hard to locate but men who have experience using Testonine are happy with its ability to enhance muscle growth and libido.

Cost and Where to Buy Testonine

Testonine costs $64.99 per bottle. That’s very reasonable but the same money would get you a bottle of Testo Prime or Testo Max, both of which are superior options.

#6. Prime Male

CLICK to view price and availability on Prime Male from official website

Prime Male is a very popular testosterone booster that’s marketed as an anti-aging supplement as well. Although this option is popular with men of all ages, it’s especially good for men who are over 40 and is known for its ability to help tighten the skin, lower blood pressure, and improve cardiovascular health.

What’s In Prime Male

Testo Prime provides a number of clinically proven testosterone boosters including Korean Ginseng and Ashwagandha. It also has some Nettle Leaf Extract to help keep your testosterone “free.”

Luteolin is another important inclusion. It’s a citrus fruit flavonoid that works as an aromatase inhibitor. [12]

Aromatase inhibitors support healthy testosterone levels by preventing aromatization. This is a process that converts testosterone into estrogen. That’s the last thing any guy wants because higher estrogen levels can result in a variety of undesirable issues including man boobs, increased fat storage, and water retention.

As men age, they become more susceptible to the effects of aromatization so Luteolin can be very beneficial to any guy who wants to turn back the clock and regain or maintain his masculinity.

Who Is Prime Male For

Prime Male is a great option for any man who wants to boost testosterone naturally. It’s especially good if you are over 40 and need help fighting the effects of age-related decline. Many men use it as an alternative to testosterone replacement therapy.

Pros

• Boosts testosterone production
• Promotes vitality and improves overall health
• Offers protection against aromatization and high estrogen
• No known side effects
• Free shipping
• Possible to get 4 bottles for the price of 3

Cons

• Only available from the official website
• Costs more than the top options
• Does not have a money-back guarantee
• Site visitors are coerced to buy a companion product

How Effective Is Prime Male

Customer reviews show Prime Male is a very effective testosterone booster. Men report improvements in vitality, muscle strength, libido, and many other desirable areas of wellness.

Cost and Where to Buy Prime Male

Prime male costs $75 per bottle. You can only buy it via the official site.

Ordering two bottles won’t get you a discount but it will make you eligible for some downloadable e-books and video guides. When you order three bottles of Prime Male you get the downloads too and also get an extra 30-day supply of pills.

#7. Testofuel

CLICK to view price and availability on Testofuel from official website

Testofuel is a testosterone-boosting supplement that’s marketed more toward bodybuilders and younger men. However, it offers benefits for older guys as well and carries a strong endorsement from the 1970’s bodybuilding legend Robby Robinson, who uses it to help retain his youth and phenomenal physique.

What’s In Testofuel

Testo Fuel provides a combination of several of the most popular natural testosterone boosters known to science including D-Aspartic Acid, Maca, Fenugreek. and Oyster Extract.

Oysters are known for being an excellent source of zinc. Although there could be other factors involved, it seems likely that, due to its ability to boost testosterone, zinc could have a role to play in the reputation oysters have for being an aphrodisiac.

Who Is Testofuel For

Testofuel is a great testosterone booster for bodybuilders and men who are looking to gain muscle mass. It can also be beneficial for older men who want to combat age-related decline in testosterone levels.

Pros

• Boosts production of testosterone
• Enhances muscle growth and strength
• May offer aphrodisiac effects due to oyster extract
• No known side effects
• Free shipping
• Possible to get 4 bottles for the price of 3

Cons

• Exclusively available via the official site
• No money-back guarantee

How Effective Is Testfuel

Customer reviews show TestoFuel is a highly effective testosterone booster. Men report increased libido, muscle growth and strength gains, and better overall vitality.

Cost and Where to Buy Testofuel

Testofuel costs $59.99 per bottle. You can only buy it via the official site. However, the price includes free worldwide shipping and, if you order three bottles, the manufacturer throws in an extra month’s treatment free of charge.

How We Rated and Ranked the Strongest Testosterone Boosters

Here are some key criteria to consider when reviewing and comparing the best natural testosterone booster supplements:

Ingredients – Examine the specific ingredients and doses. Look for herbs and compounds with proven testosterone boosting properties in studies, like fenugreek, D-aspartic acid, zinc, magnesium, etc. Ensure high quality ingredients without unnecessary fillers.

Efficiency – Consider how efficiently and quickly each supplement can raise total and free testosterone levels based on clinical evidence and user reviews. Also look at the impact on other related hormones like estrogen.

Safety – Analyze the potential side effects and risks associated with each product. Opt for supplements less likely to cause adverse reactions. Make sure they avoid banned substances for athletes.

Dosage of Each T-Booster – Compare the daily dosage and formulation. Higher doses within a safe range typically offer enhanced testosterone support. Capsule vs powder formats provide different convenience and absorption.

T Booster Price – Factor in the price per daily serving. More expensive doesn’t always mean better quality. Find products offering good value for their potency and ingredients.

Brand or Company Reputation – Examine the reputation, transparency and manufacturing practices of supplement companies. Reputable brands inspire more consumer confidence.

Test Booster User Reviews – Read through user reviews analyzing real-world results, tangible benefits like muscle gain and sex drive, and positive vs negative commentary.

By thoroughly evaluating those criteria, you can determine which natural testosterone supplements deliver the best bang for your buck based on ingredients, potency, safety, value, and actual customer outcomes.

Understanding Testosterone Boosting Supplements

Testosterone-boosting supplements are dietary supplements that contain natural ingredients known to support testosterone production. These supplements work by stimulating the body’s production of testosterone or preventing its conversion into estrogen.

Some common ingredients found in testosterone-boosting supplements include D-Aspartic Acid, Fenugreek, Tribulus Terrestris, and Zinc. These ingredients have been scientifically proven to help boost testosterone levels and improve overall male health.

The Benefits of Strong Natural Testosterone Booster Supplements

Due to their proficiency at enhancing natural testosterone production in the body, the best natural testosterone booster supplements can enhance the quality of men’s lives in a variety of ways.

Increased Muscle Mass

One of the main benefits of natural testosterone-boosting supplements is the potential to increase muscle mass. Testosterone plays a critical role in protein synthesis, which is necessary for building and repairing muscles. Testosterone booster supplements offer untold benefits to men who are seeking effective ways to naturally improve their muscle size and strength.

More Efficient Fat Burning

In addition to promoting muscle growth, testosterone also helps men burn fat faster. Testosterone encourages the body to use fat as energy rather than storing it, leading to a leaner and more muscular physique.

Improved Libido

Low testosterone levels can reduce sex drive. It may even cause erectile dysfunction (ED). By helping men maintain healthy testosterone levels, the best Testosterone booster pills can help men salvage their sex lives and greatly improve their sexual performance.

Enhanced Energy Levels

Testosterone is known to increase energy levels by improving the production of red blood cells. This can lead to improved stamina, strength, and overall vitality. In addition to enhancing training capacity and sporting potential, the availability of extra red blood cells can greatly improve the overall quality of men’s lives by helping them to avoid fatigue and feel more vital and alive.

Better Sleep Quality

Low testosterone levels have been linked to sleep disturbances. By increasing testosterone levels, supplementation may help improve sleep quality and overall restfulness.

Better Mood

Testosterone has been shown to have a positive impact on mood and mental well-being. Increasing testosterone levels through supplementation may help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Testosterone Boosters FAQs

What are the symptoms of low testosterone?

Low testosterone can cause a range of symptoms including reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, decreased muscle mass and strength, increased body fat, fatigue, mood changes, and sleep disturbances. Lower than normal testosterone levels can also lead to more serious health issues such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.

What causes testosterone levels to decline?

Testosterone levels naturally decrease with age, typically beginning around the age of 30. Other factors that can affect testosterone levels include poor diet, lack of exercise, chronic stress, and certain health conditions such as obesity and diabetes.

Can Testosterone Boosters Help with Erectile Dysfunction?

Yes, by increasing testosterone levels and improving blood flow, testosterone boosters can help improve erectile dysfunction in men. However, if you have a medical condition that causes erectile dysfunction, it’s important to consult with a doctor for proper treatment.

Best Testosterone Supplements Conclusion

Testosterone is an essential hormone that plays a crucial role in maintaining men’s physical, mental, and sexual health. As men age, maintaining healthy testosterone levels becomes harder, which can lead to a variety of undesirable symptoms.

However, by incorporating natural testosterone supplements into your routine, you can help combat age-related decline and improve overall wellness.

Although there are plenty of duff products on the market, there are some excellent options as well. This article has introduced you to seven that have the most to offer. When you use them alongside a healthy diet and lifestyle, maintaining healthy testosterone levels will become easier, allowing you to continue feeling like your best self at any age.

Best Testosterone Boosters: Clinical Trials and Research

1. The Role and Molecular Mechanism of D-Aspartic Acid in the Release and Synthesis of Lh and Testosterone in Humans and Rats: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19860889/
2. Effect of Fenugreek Extract Supplement on Testosterone Levels in Male: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32048383/
3. Ginseng and Male Reproductive Function: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861174/
4. Ginseng Extract Inhibits Protein Degradation and Stimulates Protein Synthesis in Human Fibroblasts: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3882091/
5. Withania somnifera Improves Semen Quality in Stress-Related Male Fertility: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136684/
6. Withania somnifera Extract Enhances Energy Expenditure via Improving Mitochondrial Function in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7071232/
7. Effects of a Novel Zinc-Magnesium Formulation on Hormones and Strength: https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/BrillaV2.PDF
8. Impact of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26729488/
9. Effects of Pomegranate Supplementation on Exercise Performance and Post-exercise Recovery in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30350760/
10. The Effect of Extracts of the Roots of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica Dioica) On the Interaction of Shbg With Its Receptor on Human Prostatic Membranes: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/7700987
11. Standardized Water-Soluble Extract of Eurycoma Longifolia, Tongkat Ali, as Testosterone Booster for Managing Men With Late-Onset Hypogonadism?: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21671978/
12. Inhibitory Effect of Luteolin on Estrogen Biosynthesis in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells by Suppression of Aromatase (CYP19): https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf3022817